Can Masisi be interdicted from becoming president for the NPF saga?
Columns
Ndulamo Anthony Morima
EAGLE WATCH
This week one of my readers sent me a message in which he said “… tlhodumela, o bone gore are there cogent reasons to interdict VP from ascending to the Presidency on allegations that he received money from NPF. Or whether VP can ask for Commission of Enquiry to be established after ascending. (Is he the right person to do so)!
It is to this request that I devote this week’s column. I wish to preface this discussion by stating that one of the tenets of our democracy is the rule of law, one of whose precepts is that everyone is presumed innocent until he is proved or has pleaded guilty as enshrined in section 10(2) (a) of the Constitution of Botswana. Therefore, to the extent that His Honour the Vice President, Mokgweetsi Masisi, has neither been charged with a criminal offence nor convicted by a competent court of law or pleaded guilty, he has to be presumed innocent until proven guilty.
Before I attempt to answer my reader’s question, it is apposite that I discuss the legal requirements for an interdict, both interlocutory and final. As per L.F Boshoff Investments (Pty) Ltd v Cape Town Municipality 1969(2) SA 256(C) 267 A-F, the requirements for an interlocutory interdict are: a prima facie right; a well-grounded apprehension of irreparable harm if the interim relief is not granted and the ultimate relief is eventually granted; a balance of convenience in favour of the granting of the interim relief and the absence of any other satisfactory remedy.
In the case of Setlogelo v Setlogelo 1914 AD 221 it was held that the requirements for a final interdict are: a clear right established on a balance of probabilities; an actional wrong or interference already committed, or at least, a reasonable apprehension that such act will be committed and the absence of any ordinary and satisfactory remedy affording similar protection to the applicant.
We start with the interlocutory interdict. Any person approaching the courts to seek an interlocutory interdict against HH Masisi’s ascension to the Presidency in relation to the allegations that he unlawfully received money from the National Petroleum Fund (NPF) has to satisfy the courts, firstly, that he or she has a prima facie right.
He or she must provide prima facie evidence of the existence of the right he or she seeks to enforce. In this case, the right may be the right to have those who misappropriate a national resource or asset stopped from holding public office. But, is there such a right in our law?
Our courts have held that it is not important where the right is derived from – whether from a contract, the common law or in terms of a statute, but it must be an actual right; a mere interest in the relief sought is not enough.
In my view, it is likely that our courts may not recognize such a right, but may regard whatever the phenomena that an applicant in this case seeks to undertake as a mere interest in the relief sought. Secondly, for one to succeed in an interlocutory application to interdict HH Masisi from ascending to the Presidency, he or she must also prove that he or she will suffer irreparable harm if the interdict is not granted.
In this case, one may advance the argument that, in terms of section 41 of the Constitution of Botswana, once HH Masisi ascends to the Presidency he will be immune from prosecution, thereby evading liability for unlawfully receiving money from the NPF. Section 41(1) provides that “whilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of President no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity…”
The section continues to say “… and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his private capacity.” This was confirmed by the Court of Appeal in the case of Motswaledi v Botswana Democratic Party And Others 2 2009 2 BLR 284 CA by Justices Nicholas McNally, Craig Howie, Seth Twun, Michael Ramodibedi and John Foxcroft.
The Justices held that “Section 41(1) … afforded the President immunity from criminal prosecution in respect of any acts allegedly done or not done by him or her 'either in his or her official capacity or in his or her private capacity'; and immunity from civil proceedings 'in his or her private capacity' only.”
The court also held that “the words 'in his or her private capacity', as they appeared in s 41(1) …, bore the same meaning in relation to both the President's immunity from criminal prosecution and in relation to his or her immunity from civil proceedings; and meant 'in any capacity other than his or her official capacity as Head of State'”. But, for the aspect of suffering irreparable harm if the interdict is not granted to even be considered, the applicant has to first establish that he or she has a prima facie right, something which we said may be a toll order.
Thirdly, for one to succeed in an interlocutory application to interdict HH Masisi from ascending to the Presidency, he or she must show that the balance of convenience favours the granting of the interim relief. The courts may also take into account the applicant’s prospects of success in relation to whether or not it is likely that the applicant will ultimately be able to show a clear right; as well as any potential prejudice to third parties.
That the applicant is unlikely to convince the courts that he or she has a prima facie right as argued above, makes is less than likely that he or she can convince the court that he or she has prospects of success that he will ultimately be able to show a clear right; as well as any potential prejudice to third parties.
That notwithstanding, one can argue that while HH Masisi will not suffer any inconvenience as a result of the action, he or she, as a member of the public, will suffer inconvenience to the extent his or her rights will not be vindicated owing to the presidential immunity that HH Masisi will be clothed with when he becomes President.
Fourth, for one to succeed in an interlocutory application to interdict HH Masisi from ascending to the Presidency, he or she must show that he or she has no other satisfactory remedy, such as a claim for damages that would adequately compensate any loss. Considering that once HH Masisi ascends to the presidency he will have absolute immunity from prosecution and civil claims there would be no other satisfactory remedy other than interdicting his ascendancy pending the determination of the matter.
But, for this, as well as the other three legs to stand the applicant has to first prove that he or she has a prima facie right, something we have hitherto argued will be a toll order. Therefore, in my view, an application to get an interim interdict against HH Masisi’s ascension to the presidency is likely to fail, with costs. We now turn to the final interdict. For one to obtain a final interdict against HH Masisi’s ascension to the Presidency he or she has to satisfy the courts, firstly, that he or she has a clear right established on a balance of probabilities.
The case of Welkom Bottling Co. (Pty) Ltd. v Belfast Mineral Waters (OFS) (Pty) Ltd 1967(3) SA 45(O) 56 held that the word ‘clear right’ means a ‘definite right’. The word ‘clear’, it was held, relates to the degree of proof required to establish the right and should not be used to qualify ‘right’ at all.
It was further held that the existence of a right is a matter of substantive law and whether a right is clearly established is a matter of evidence. In this case, one has to satisfy the courts that there exists a substantive right to have those who misappropriate a national resource or asset stopped from holding public office.
On the evidentiary front, one has to, on the balance of probabilities, but not beyond reasonable doubt, establish such a right. A court will grant a final interdict upon a degree of proof more exacting than that required for an interlocutory interdict. If, as argued above, one is unlikely to establish a prima facie right, which has a lower standard of proof, against HH Masisi’s ascension to the presidency, it follows that establishing a clear right on a balance of probabilities, which has a higher standard of proof, would be a near impossibility.
Secondly, for one to obtain a final interdict against HH Masisi’s ascension to the Presidency he or she has to prove that HH Masisi has already committed an actionable wrong or interference, or, at least, a reasonable apprehension that such act will be committed. In other words, one has to prove that HH Masisi unlawfully received money from the NPF, or, if such receipt has not already occurred, that there is a reasonable apprehension that such an unlawful receipt will occur.
Thirdly, for one to obtain a final interdict against HH Masisi’s ascension to the Presidency he or she has to convince the court that there is no ordinary and satisfactory remedy affording similar protection to the applicant. As argued above, this may be a lower hurdle to overcome because of the argument that if HH Masisi’s ascension to the Presidency is not interdicted he would be clothed with absolute immunity immediately he becomes President, making it impossible to prosecute or sue him.
But, that that there is no ordinary and satisfactory remedy, even if it is proved, comes to naught if the existence of a clear right has not been established. Also, because of the doctrine of separation of powers, which is a golden thread in our constitution, our courts are, in the absence of a clear case for an interdict, unlikely to interfere with Parliament’s powers of electing a President in terms of section 32 of the constitution.
The last segment of my reader’s question was whether HH Masisi can establish a Commission of Inquiry after becoming President and whether he would be the right person to do so. In terms of the Commissions of Inquiry Act, CAP.05:02 the power to appoint Commissions of Inquiry is vested in the President.
HH Masisi can, therefore, appoint a Commission of Inquiry into the NPF saga after becoming President. The question is: given that he is alleged to have unlawfully received money from the NPF, will it be proper for him to appoint the Commission of Enquiry? Won’t that result in conflict of interest?
Recently, the courts in South Africa confirmed the President’s powers to appoint Commissions of Inquiry, but only tempered with such power by ordering that since President Zuma is implicated in the Public Protector’s State of Capture Report, his choice of the Commission’s Chairperson should be limited to a Judge nominated by the Chief Justice. Therefore, though one may argue that HH Masisi would be conflicted in the matter, it is unlikely that the court will take, from him, his constitutional power to appoint the Commission of Inquiry. Rather, it may take, from him, the power to appoint the Commission’s chairperson.
Columns
GONE FISHING
In recent years, using personal devices in working environments has become so commonplace it now has its own acronym, BOYD (Bring Your Own Device). But as employees skip between corporate tools and personal applications on their own devices, their actions introduce a number of possible risks that should be managed and mitigated with careful consideration. Consider these examples:
Si-lwli, a small family-run business in Wales, is arguably as niche a company as you could find, producing talking toys used to promote the Welsh language. Their potential market is small, with only some 300,000 Welsh language speakers in the world and in reality the business is really more of a hobby for the husband-and-wife team, who both still have day jobs. Yet, despite still managing to be successful in terms of sales, the business is now fighting for survival after recently falling prey to cybercriminals. Emails between Si-Iwli and their Chinese suppliers were intercepted by hackers who altered the banking details in the correspondence, causing Si-Iwli to hand over £18,000 (around P ¼ m) to the thieves. That might not sound much to a large enterprise, but to a small or medium business it can be devastating.
Another recent SMB hacking story which appeared in the Wall Street Journal concerned Innovative Higher Ed Consulting (IHED) Inc, a small New York start-up with a handful of employees. IHED didn’t even have a website, but fraudsters were able to run stolen credit card numbers through the company’s payment system and reverse the charges to the tune of $27,000, around the same loss faced by Si-Iwli. As the WSJ put it, the hackers completely destroyed the company, forcing its owners to fold.
And in May 2019, the city of Baltimore’s computer system was hit by a ransomware attack, with hackers using a variant called RobinHood. The hack, which has lasted more than a month, paralysed the computer system for city employees, with the hackers demanding a payment in Bitcoin to give access back to the city.
Of course, hackers target governments or business giants but small and medium businesses are certainly not immune. In fact, 67% of SMBs reported that they had experienced a cyber attack across a period of 12 months, according to a 2018 survey carried out by security research firm Ponemon Institute. Additionally, Verizon issued a report in May 2019 that small businesses accounted for 43% of its reported data breaches. Once seen as less vulnerable than PCs, smartphone attacks are on the rise, with movements like the Dark Caracal spyware campaign underlining the allure of mobile devices to hackers. Last year, the US Federal Trade Commission released a statement calling for greater education on mobile security, coming at a time when around 42% of all Android devices are believed to not carry the latest security updates.
This is an era when employees increasingly use their smartphones for work-related purposes so is your business doing enough to protect against data breaches on their employees’ phones? The SME Cyber Crime Survey 2018 carried out for risk management specialists AON showed that more than 80% of small businesses did not view this as a threat yet if as shown, 67% of SMBs were said to have been victims of hacking, either the stats are wrong or business owners are underestimating their vulnerability. A 2019 report by PricewaterhouseCoopers suggests the latter, stating that the majority of global businesses are unprepared for cyber attacks.
Consider that a workstation no longer means a desk in an office: It can be a phone in the back of a taxi or Uber; a laptop in a coffee shop, or a tablet in an airport lounge. Wherever the device is used, employees can potentially install applications that could be harmful to your business, even from something as seemingly insignificant as clicking on an accidental download or opening a link on a phishing email. Out of the physical workplace, your employees’ activities might not have the same protections as they would on a company-monitored PC.
Yet many businesses not only encourage their employees to work remotely, but assume working from coffee shops, bookstores, and airports can boost employees’ productivity. Unfortunately, many remote hot spots do not provide secure Wi-Fi so if your employee is accessing their work account on unsecured public Wi-Fi, sensitive business data could be at risk. Furthermore, even if your employee uses a company smartphone or has access to company data through a personal mobile device, there is always a chance data could be in jeopardy with a lost or stolen device, even information as basic as clients’ addresses and phone numbers.
BOYDs are also at risk from malware designed to harm and infect the host system, transmittable to smartphones when downloading malicious third-party apps. Then there is ransomware, a type of malware used by hackers to specifically take control of a system’s data, blocking access or threatening to release sensitive information unless a ransom is paid such as the one which affected Baltimore. Ransomware attacks are on the increase, predicted to occur every 14 seconds, potentially costing billions of dollars per year.
Lastly there is phishing – the cyber equivalent of the metaphorical fishing exercise – whereby cybercriminals attempt to obtain sensitive data –usernames, passwords, credit card details –usually through a phoney email designed to look legitimate which directs the user to a fraudulent website or requests the data be emailed back directly. Most of us like to think we could recognize a phishing email when we see it, but these emails have become more sophisticated and can come through other forms of communication such as messaging apps.
Bottom line is to be aware of the potential problems with BOYDs and if in doubt, consult your IT security consultants. You can’t put the own-device genie back in the bottle but you can make data protection one of your three wishes!
Columns
“I Propose to Diana Tonight”
About five days before Princess Diana and Dodi Al Fayed landed in Paris, General Atiku, a certain Edward Williams was taking a walk in a woods in the Welsh town of Mountain Ash. Williams, then 73, was a psychic of some renown. He had in the past foretold assassination attempts on US President Ronald Reagan, which occurred on March 30, 1981, and Pope John Paul II, which came to pass on May 13, 1981.
As he trudged the woods, Williams had a sudden premonition that pointed to Diana’s imminent fate as per Christopher Andersen’s book The Day Diana Died. “When the vision struck me, it was as if everything around me was obscured and replaced by shadowy figures,” Williams was later to reminisce. “In the middle was the face of Princess Diana. Her expression was sad and full of pathos. She was wearing what looked like a floral dress with a short dark cardigan. But it was vague. I went cold with fear and knew it was a sign that she was in danger.”
Williams hastily beat a retreat to his home, which he shared with his wife Mary, and related to her his presentiment, trembling like an aspen leaf as he did so. “I have never seen him so upset,” Mary recounted. “He felt he was given a sign and when he came back from his walk he was deeply shaken.”
The following day, Williams frantically sauntered into a police station to inform the police of his premonition. The officer who attended to him would have dismissed him as no more than a crackpot but he treated him seriously in view of the accuracy of his past predictions. He took a statement and immediately passed it on to the Special Branch Investigative Unit.
The report read as follows:
“On 27 August, at 14:12 hrs, a man by the name of Edward Williams came to Mountain Ash police station. He said he was a psychic and predicted that Princess Diana was going to die. In previous years, he has predicted that the Pope and Ronald Reagan were going to be the victims of assassination attempts. On both occasions he was proved to be correct. Mr Williams appeared to be quite normal.”
Williams, General, was spot-on as usual: four days later, the princess was no more.
Meanwhile, General, even as Dodi and Diana were making their way to the Fayed-owned Ritz Hotel in central Paris, British newspapers were awash with headlines that suggested Diana was kind of deranged. Writes Andrew Morton in Diana in Pursuit of Love: “In The Independent Diana was described as ‘a woman with fundamentally nothing to say about anything’. She was ‘suffering from a form of arrested development’. ‘Isn’t it time she started using her head?’ asked The Mail on Sunday. The Sunday Mirror printed a special supplement entitled ‘A Story of Love’; The News of the World claimed that William had demanded that Diana should split from Dodi: ‘William can’t help it, he just doesn’t like the man.’ William was reportedly ‘horrified’ and ‘doesn’t think Mr Fayed is good for his mother’ – or was that just the press projecting their own prejudices? The upmarket Sunday Times newspaper, which had first serialised my biography of the princess, now put her in the psychiatrist’s chair for daring to be wooed by a Muslim. The pop-psychologist Oliver James put Diana ‘On the Couch’, asking why she was so ‘depressed’ and desperate for love. Other tabloids piled in with dire prognostications – about Prince Philip’s hostility to the relationship, Diana’s prospect of exile, and the social ostracism she would face if she married Dodi.”
DIANA AND DODI AT THE RITZ
Before Diana and Dodi departed the Villa Windsor sometime after 16 hrs, General, one of Dodi’s bodyguards Trevor Rees-Jones furtively asked Diana as to what the programme for the evening was. This Trevor did out of sheer desperation as Dodi had ceased and desisted from telling members of his security detail, let alone anyone else for that matter, what his onward destination was for fear that that piece of information would be passed on to the paparazzi. Diana kindly obliged Trevor though her response was terse and scarcely revealing. “Well, eventually we will be going out to a restaurant”, that was all Diana said. Without advance knowledge of exactly what restaurant that was, Trevor and his colleagues’ hands were tied: they could not do a recce on it as was standard practice for the security team of a VIP principal. Dodi certainly, General, was being recklessly by throwing such caution to the winds.
At about 16:30, Diana and Dodi drew up at the Ritz Hotel, where they were received by acting hotel manager Claude Roulet. The front entrance of the hotel was already crawling with paparazzi, as a result of which the couple took the precaution of using the rear entrance, where hopefully they would make their entry unperturbed and unmolested. The first thing they did when they were ensconced in the now $10,000 a night Imperial Suite was to spend some time on their mobiles and set about touching base with friends, relations, and associates. Diana called at least two people, her clairvoyant friend Rita Rogers and her favourite journalist Richard Kay of The Daily Mail.
Rita, General, was alarmed that Diana had proceeded to venture to Paris notwithstanding the warning she had given Dodi and herself in relation to what she had seen of him in the crystal ball when the couple had consulted her. When quizzed as to what the hell she indeed was doing in Paris at that juncture, Diana replied that she and Dodi had simply come to do some shopping, which though partially true was not the material reason they were there. “But Diana, remember what I told Dodi,” Rita said somewhat reprovingly. Diana a bit apprehensively replied, “Yes I remember. I will be careful. I promise.” Well, she did not live up to her promise as we shall soon unpack General.
As for Richard Kay, Diana made known to him that, “I have decided I am going to radically change my life. I am going to complete my obligations to charities and to the anti-personnel land mines cause, but in November I want to completely withdraw from formal public life.”
Once she was done with her round of calls, Diana went down to the hair saloon by the hotel swimming pool to have her hair washed and blow-dried ahead of the scheduled evening dinner.
THE “TELL ME YES” RING IS DELIVERED
Since the main object of their Paris trip was to pick up the “Tell Me Yes” engagement ring Dodi had ordered in Monte Carlo a week earlier, Dodi decided to check on Repossi Jewellery, which was right within the Ritz prencincts, known as the Place Vendome. It could have taken less than a minute for Dodi to get to the store on foot but he decided to use a car to outsmart the paparazzi invasion. He was driven there by Trevor Rees-Jones, with Alexander Kez Wingfield and Claude Roulet following on foot, though he entered the shop alone.
The Repossi store had closed for the holiday season but Alberto Repossi, accompanied by his wife and brother-in-law, had decided to travel all the way from his home in Monaco and momentarily open it for the sake of the potentially highly lucrative Dodi transaction. Alberto, however, disappointed Dodi as the ring he had chosen was not the one he produced. The one he showed Dodi was pricier and perhaps more exquisite but Dodi was adamant that he wanted the exact one he had ordered as that was what Diana herself had picked. It was a ploy on the part of Repossi to make a real killing on the sale, his excuse to that effect being that Diana deserved a ring tha was well worthy of her social pedigree. With Dodi having expressed disaffection, Repossi rendered his apologies and assured Dodi he would make the right ring available shortly, whereupon Dodi repaired back to the hotel to await its delivery. But Dodi did insist nonetheless that the pricier ring be delivered too in case it appealed to Diana anyway.
Repossi delivered the two rings an hour later. They were collected by Roulet. On inspecting them, Dodi chose the very one he had seen in Monte Carlo, apparently at the insistence of Diana. There is a possibility that Diana, who was very much aware of her public image and was not comfortable with ostentatious displays of wealth, may have deliberately shown an interest in a less expensive engagement ring. It may have been a purely romantic as opposed to a prestigious choice for her.
The value of the ring, which was found on a wardrobe shelf in Dodi’s apartment after the crash, has been estimated to be between $20,000 and $250,000 as Repossi has always refused to be drawn into revealing how much Dodi paid for it. The sum, which enjoyed a 25 percent discount, was in truth paid for not by Dodi himself but by his father as was the usual practice.
Dodi was also shown Repossi’s sketches for a bracelet, a watch, and earrings which he proposed to create if Diana approved of them.
DIANA AND DODI GUSH OVER IMMINENT NUPTIALS
At about 7 pm, Dodi and Diana left the Ritz and headed for Dodi’s apartment at a place known as the Arc de Trompe. They went there to properly tog themselves out for the scheduled evening dinner. They spent two hours at the luxurious apartment. As usual, the ubiquitous paparazzi were patiently waiting for them there.
As they lingered in the apartment, Dodi beckoned over to his butler Rene Delorm and showed him the engagement ring. “Dodi came into my kitchen,” Delorm relates. “He looked into the hallway to check that Diana couldn’t hear and reached into his pocket and pulled out the box … He said, ‘Rene, I’m going to propose to the princess tonight. Make sure that we have champagne on ice when we come back from dinner’.” Rene described the ring as “a spectacular diamond encrusted ring, a massive emerald surrounded by a cluster of diamonds, set on a yellow and white gold band sitting in a small light-grey velvet box”.
Just before 9 pm, Dodi called the brother of his step-father, Hassan Yassen, who also was staying at the Ritz that night, and told him that he hoped to get married to Diana by the end of the year.
Later that same evening, both Dodi and Diana would talk to Mohamed Al Fayed, Dodi’s dad, and make known to him their pre-nuptial intentions. “They called me and said we’re coming back (to London) on Sunday (August 31) and on Monday (September 1) they are
Columns
RAMADAN – The Blessed Month of Fasting
Ramadan is the fasting month for Muslims, where over one billion Muslims throughout the world fast from dawn to sunset, and pray additional prayers at night. It is a time for inner reflection, devotion to Allah, and self-control. It is the ninth month in the Islamic calendar. As you read this Muslims the world over have already begun fasting as the month of Ramadan has commenced (depending on the sighting of the new moon).
‘The month of Ramadan is that in which the Qur’an was revealed as guidance for people, in it are clear signs of guidance and Criterion, therefore whoever of you who witnesses this month, it is obligatory on him to fast it. But whoever is ill or traveling let him fast the same number of other days, God desires ease for you and not hardship, and He desires that you complete the ordained period and glorify God for His guidance to you, that you may be grateful”. Holy Qur’an (2 : 185)
Fasting during Ramadan is one of the five pillars upon which the structure of Islam is built. The other four are: the declaration of one’s belief in Allah’s oneness and in the message of Muhammad (PBUH); regular attendance to prayer; payment of zakaat (obligatory charity); and the pilgrimage to Mecca.
As explained in an earlier article, fasting includes total abstinence from eating, drinking, smoking, refraining from obscenity, avoiding getting into arguments and including abstaining from marital relations, from sunrise to sunset. While fasting may appear to some as difficult Muslims see it as an opportunity to get closer to their Lord, a chance to develop spiritually and at the same time the act of fasting builds character, discipline and self-restraint.
Just as our cars require servicing at regular intervals, so do Muslims consider Ramadan as a month in which the body and spirit undergoes as it were a ‘full service’. This ‘service’ includes heightened spiritual awareness both the mental and physical aspects and also the body undergoing a process of detoxification and some of the organs get to ‘rest’ through fasting.
Because of the intensive devotional activity fasting, Ramadan has a particularly high importance, derived from its very personal nature as an act of worship but there is nothing to stop anyone from privately violating Allah’s commandment of fasting if one chooses to do so by claiming to be fasting yet eating on the sly. This means that although fasting is obligatory, its observance is purely voluntary. If a person claims to be a Muslim, he is expected to fast in Ramadan.
The reward Allah gives for proper fasting is very generous. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) quotes Allah as saying: “All actions done by a human being are his own except fasting, which belongs to Me and I will reward it accordingly.” We are also told by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that the reward for proper fasting is admittance into heaven.
Fasting earns great reward when it is done in a ‘proper’ manner. This is because every Muslim is required to make his worship perfect. For example perfection of fasting can be achieved through restraint of one’s feelings and emotions. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said that when fasting, a person should not allow himself to be drawn into a quarrel or a slanging match. He teaches us: “On a day of fasting, let no one of you indulge in any obscenity, or enter into a slanging match. Should someone abuse or fight him, let him respond by saying: ‘I am fasting!’”
This high standard of self-restraint fits in well with fasting, which is considered as an act of self-discipline. Islam requires us to couple patience with voluntary abstention from indulgence in our physical desires. The purpose of fasting helps man to attain a high degree of sublimity, discipline and self-restraint. In other words, this standard CAN BE achieved by every Muslim who knows the purpose of fasting and strives to fulfill it.
Fasting has another special aspect. It makes all people share in the feelings of hunger and thirst. In normal circumstances, people with decent income may go from one year’s end to another without experiencing the pangs of hunger which a poor person may feel every day of his life. Such an experience helps to draw the rich one’s conscience nearer to needs of the poor. A Muslim is encouraged to be more charitable and learns to give generously for a good cause.
Fasting also has a universal or communal aspect to it. As Muslims throughout the world share in this blessed act of worship, their sense of unity is enhanced by the fact that every Muslim individual joins willingly in the fulfillment of this divine commandment. This is a unity of action and purpose, since they all fast in order to be better human beings. As a person restrains himself from the things he desires most, in the hope that he will earn Allah’s pleasure, self-discipline and sacrifice become part of his nature.
The month of Ramadan can aptly be described as a “season of worship.” Fasting is the main aspect of worship in this month, because people are more attentive to their prayers, read the Qur’an more frequently and also strive to improve on their inner and outer character. Thus, their devotion is more complete and they feel much happier in Ramadan because they feel themselves to be closer to their Creator.